Sonata structure and Variation technique

Piano Literature : Sonatas and Variations

Lecture I : Sonata Structure and Variation Technique

Definitions

Sonata - from "sonare", to sound; ordered structure with repetition of melodic material; binary or ternary form : exposition, development, recapitulation; Romantic ideal of dramatic opposition and reconciliation
linkage with fantasy elements (Beethoven, Schubert)
: Variation; embellishment, elaboration and commentary
improvisational (non-structured) elements
reconciliation with structure (Bach, Brahms)

Origins of the Sonata
: One-Movement Organ Sonatas; Adrian Banchieri (1568-1634) : L'Organo Suonarino (1605); Giovanni Martini (ca. 1650-1730); Tarquino Merula (1594?-1665)

One-Movement Harpsichord Sonatas
Gioanpiero Del Buono (fl. 1641)

Multi-Movement Harpsichord Sonatas
Johann Kuhnau (1660-1722): Sonata in B flat (1692);
Frische Klavier-Fruchte (1696); Biblische Historien (1700)
Benedetto Marcello (1686-1739)
Bernardo Pasquini (1637-1710)

Early Variation Works

Antonio de Cabezon (1510-1566): Diferencias

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          Girolamo Frescobaldi (1583-1643): Aria detta Frescobalda
          Johann Jakob Froberger (1616-1667): Suite No. 6 "Auff die Mayerin"
          Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck (1562-1621): Mein junges Leben hat ein End

          English Virginalists
          My Ladye Nevells Booke (1591)
          The Fitzwilliam Virginal Book (1621)
          John Bull (1562-1628): Walsingham (30 Variations)

          William Byrd (1542-1623): Walsingham (22 Variations)
          Giles Famabv (ca. 1560-1640): Wooddy-cock (6 Variations)
          Orlando Gibbons (1583-1625)
          Thomas Morley (1557-1603)
          Peter Philips (ca. 1555-1628)
          Thomas Tornkins ( 1572-1656)

Listing List I

Bull	Walsingham Variations (FVB 1)
Byrd	Walsingham Variations (FVB II)
Farnaby	Wooddy-cock Variations (FVB II)
Kuhnau	Biblical Sonata No. I "The Battle of David and Goliath "
Sarlatti	Sonata in D minor K. 52 (L. 267)
	Sonata in D major K. 96 (L. 465)
	Sonata in A major K. 113 (L. 345)
	Sonata in A minor K.175(L. 429)
Soler	Sonata in C-sharp minor R. 21
	Sonata in D-flat major R. 23